Evidences For Early Creation - Part 1 There has been a great battle between Evolutionists and Creationist. A few year ago, anyone who doubted the gradual change of Darwinian evolution was considered crazy. Now, even the evolutionist have been forced to admit that the theory of evolution from gradual transitions is false. (Michael Denton, a evolutionist and microbiologist, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis) They have come up with punctuated equilibrium as a way to get around the problem of the missing transitions. One area not debated as much is the problem of time. If we take the Biblical account, and then being generous in allowing for gaps in the genealogies, we have an age of not more that 10,000 years. Some try to avoid the issue by saying it doesn't make any difference. The Bible claims to be the inspired Word of God, the Word of the One who created all. If this claim is true, then we should have an accurate ac count of our beginnings, If this account is false, how can we trust the rest of the Bible? If the Bible does n't know where we came from, how can we trust its claims on where we are going? In 1650, Usher calculated creation to be 4004 BC by using the genealogies found in the Bible. We can't know the exact date, but the Bible is in complete contradiction with the long periods required by evolution. We can believe on or the other, but not both. The belief of a recent creation out of nothing is a rare teaching. It is found only in three religions: Islam, Judaism and Christianity. All three accept Genesis as a revelation of God. Among pagans, there are many stories of how the gods made all out of preexisting matter or how matter is eternal and needs no help from the gods. How we view our origins will effect how we view the present and everything else in life. Are we a special creature in the image of God? If so, there is a standard we must live by, there are eternal truths we must follow. There is a right and wrong, purpose in life, purpose behind history. Or are just a great cosmic accident? A result of vast explosion and everything is just what happened to come together after the bang? No purpose, no standard to live by, whatever we want today becomes truth for us today. Might makes right. All we are is dust in the wind. It is common to hear that science and religion don't mix. True science and true religion have no contradictions. God is the author of both. Seeker of truth should not be afraid of any new discoveries if the truth is what he is really seeking. False Religion and True Science Have Often Contradicted Example: In the mid 1600's, Galileo taught the Copernican system of solar system, i.e.. the earth revolves around the sun. 1. He also discovered 4 moons of Jupiter, studied the Milky Way and found it to be made up of large amounts of stars. 2. He discovered that the moon does not give out it's own light but reflects light from the sun and also has mountains and valleys instead of having a smooth surface. When he started teaching the earth revolved around the sun, Catholic Church authorities made him appear before the Inquisition and forced him to state publicly that he denied this teaching. It is rarely mentioned that the followers of Aristotle also fought against Galileo. It is popular to say the church is anti-scientific, but followers of Aristotle were just as guilty. The problems was that there was a common held belief and anyone who dared to speak against majority opinion was rejected in spite of evidence. It is the same today. The Bible: Job 26:7 He stretches out the north over empty space; He hangs the earth on nothing. Isaiah 40:22 It is He who sits above the circle of the earth, And its inhabitants are like grasshoppers... Psalm 89:37 It shall be established forever like the moon, Even like the faithful witness in the sky. A witness proclaims what he sees. He doesn't make up the story. The moon's light is only a reflection of what it "sees". This was many years before Galileo. True Religion and False Science Often Conflict. One example - Medical science once taught that it was good to bleed sick patients. The Bible teaches that life is in the blood. Leviticus 17:14 for it is the life of all flesh. Its blood sustains its life. Therefore I said to the children of Israel, 'You shall not eat the blood of any flesh, for the life of all flesh is its blood. Whoever eats it shall be cut off.' The same God who wrote the Bible also created the Universe. There are no contradic tions between the two if properly understood. Common to hear that the Earth is 4.6 billion and Universe is 10 billion years old. The most popular theory currently is the "Big-Bang Theory". It teaches that at one time all matter was compressed in an area ranging from the size of the solar system to a baseball. It was compressed so tight that a spoonful would be 10 sextillion lbs. (10 with 21 zeros). No one knows where it came from, but they "know" it exploded about 20 billion years ago. From this explosion, all the matter and energy we know became scattered through out the universe. Now we have stars, the solar system, galaxies and all the complex forms of life that we see. Problems With The Big-Bang Theory 1. Galaxies are thought to have condensed from gas from the Big-Bang. How can outward moving gas change its momentum and direction to condense into the galaxies? How did rotation of galaxies originate since original motion was radial (straight line from the original source), and not angular? 2. Explosions cause disorder, not order. Universe is complex with much variation. How could it come from a blind explosion of uniform gas? There are vast variations in temperatures, different concentrations of matter, various chemical compositions, and physical states with many processes involving mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic and gravitational interaction. This is different from all man-made or natural explosions today. All explosions destroy order, not create it. This violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics, to go from disorder to order, from chaos to cosmos. This law applies to chemistry, biology, physics and engineering. It means that order degenerates to disorder, everything wears out, nothing grows younger, whether stars, buildings, or men. Everywhere there are indications that the universe is losing form and order and is decay ing. All this shows there must have been a beginning with greater order and complexity than we now have. How could this great complexity come from a mindless explosion? 3. How did the explosion take place to begin with? If this matter had been sitting around for some time, what caused it to explode? Newton's first law of motion says that it takes an external force to change the state of an object sitting in equilibrium. If this original mass had existed in equilibrium, what caused it to become so unstable? 4. The gravity would be so intense that it would not be able to explode against it's own gravitation. This original matter would have been the ultimate black hole. 5. The existence of clusters of galaxies argues against the Big-Bang. If the explosion took place, matter should be evenly distributed instead of clumped together. Instead, all galaxies are found in clusters with other galaxies with vast amounts of empty space between the clusters. How Old Is The Universe? It is impossible to come up with an exact date but certain indicators are available to us that can help set upper limits. 1. Globular Clusters There are groupings of stars smaller than galaxies called globular clusters. They come in different sizes and shapes ranging from 50,000 to one million stars. They are breaking up due to high speeds of the stars moving in different directions and are overcoming the self-gravitation of the cluster. The stars appear to be diverging from a common point so fast that, in some cases, if their motions were projected backwards to this common point, the cluster would have originated only several thousand years ago. Some have a breakup time measured in the millions of years while some have breakup time of only 10,000 years. Yet they are still together. Most astronomers believe that the stars and clusters are the same age. Since the disintegration rate of the clusters indicates they can last only for a short time (10,000 to few million years), this indicates that they are not the billions of years old the evolutionists claim they are. 2. Galaxy Clusters This problem is similar to the first one. At one time, astronomers thought that all galaxies could be categorized as either Cluster or Field galaxies. Cluster galaxies are clustered together in groups. Field galaxies are off by themselves unattached from others. They have drifted off by themselves over time. Problem: No field galaxies have ever been discovered. Galaxy movement is similar to balloons held in net and then released. They are tight together at first, but as they float in different directions, they become separated as a group. When one drifts from the others it would be a "field balloon". We live in a relatively small cluster called the Local Group of about 24 galaxies. Our Local Group is linked together to 100 other galaxy clusters called the Local Super Cluster. The average size of clusters is 100-200 galaxies and some have 10,000 galaxies. According to the measured speed of different galaxies, these clusters should have broken up long before now. There is not enough mass in the clusters to supply the needed gravity to hold them together. The Coma cluster is missing 86% of the needed mass. The Virgo cluster is missing 98%. The Hercules cluster is missing 80%. This is one reason for the search for the "missing mass" in universe. Scientists have looked everywhere and in every way they can think of to find this missing mass but it has not been found. The reason it is assumed to be missing to begin with, is the long ages assumed for the galaxies. There is no way for the galaxies to have their present positions with the evolutionist time scale unless there is some "missing mass" holding them together by gravity. 1. Ground based equipment, rockets, satellites and high-altitude balloons have been used in the search, but the missing mass is still missing. 2. Cold hydrogen has been suggested, but there is not enough. Lukewarm hydrogen was tried, but was not found. Black holes have been speculated. It would take "black holes" evenly distributed through the clusters and no evidence has been found for this. The obvious conclusion seems to be that the missing mass is not really missing since it apparently wasn't there to begin with. If the galaxies are now separating at a high speed, what would have held them together for billions of years and then only recently, allow for them to drift apart? Evolutionists claim galaxies are 10-12 billion years old, yet the average breakup time is 1 - 2 million years. The Coma and Virgo clusters have an upper limit of 148 and 592 million years before they completely disperse. Because they are still tight together, this indicates an early age. Virgo has 1,000 galaxies in area only twice the area of Local Group of 20 galaxies. Clusters now look like bound systems that are not breaking up. This indicates that they must be young since they have not reached an age where they are showing a looseness or separation. Some small clusters indicate a breakup time of only a few thousand years, yet they are still close together. If the galaxies are 4.5 billion years old, no cluster should exist, yet none have pulled apart yet. 3. Spiral Galaxies Any theory that demands long ages for universe runs into a problem here. Any spiral galaxy would wind up so tight that the spiral arms could not be seen if they were as old as evolutionists say they are. In a rotating disk, the angular speed of the rotation falls off with the 3/2 power of distance from the center of the disk. If a star at a certain distance from the center rotates 15 degrees then 2 times out from the center it will rotate 5 degrees in the same time. In a short time, the inside would be wound so tight the spirals would be no longer recognizable. Example in the Solar system: Mercury circles the Sun in 88 days. Uranus circles the sun in 84 years. In the evolutionist time scale the sun could have made 50 revolutions during the lifetime of our galaxy, while the stars 1/2 the distance from the center would rotate 150 times. The stars on the outer edge of the galaxy would rotate around 15 times. If it all came from an explosion, there should have been more available energy in the past so the rate of rotation should have been even quicker in earlier times. Second Law of Thermodynamics says everything is wearing out, slowing down, cooling off. The obvious answer would be less time has passed than commonly believed. This does not determine the age of galaxies, but it does put upper limits on it. 4. Comet Disintegration This is a serious problem for the evolutionary time scales. R.A. Littleton, an Eng lish astronomer and evolutionist, calculated that when the mass of comets and their disintegration rates are compared, all short term comets can have a maximum life span of 10,000 years, There have been 10 cases of observed comet disintegration in this century. All the long term comets should be destroyed after 50 million years. If the solar system was as old as evolutionists claim, not one comet should still remain. Short term comets range from Comet Encke - 3.3 year orbit to Comet Rigollet - 151 year orbit. Littleton calculated that for a short term comet such as Halley's Comet to be 4.5 billion years old, it would have to have an original mass of 10 quintillion times the mass of the sun (1 with 19 zeros) Since many comets still exist, this indicates an age for the solar system to be less than 10,000 years Evolutionist have tried to solve this problem by trying to find replacement sources for the comets as they wear out. 1. Some have claimed that volcanic eruptions on Jupiter propelled comets into orbit, The physical components of comets do not fit this idea and not enough have orbits that come close enough to Jupiter. Escape velocity on Jupiter is 37 miles per second. To maintain that speed through its atmosphere would burn it up. When rockets are sent up by man through earth's thinner atmosphere, they go through the lower atmosphere slowly and pick up speed as they air thins. Continual force must be exerted by the rockets to keep the speed increasing. To propel a rock to escape velocity by a volcano, the only power would be in the beginning as it was launched and then it would be on its own. The greatest speed would be in the densest part of the atmosphere and it would quickly vaporize from the heat. Initial speed required has been estimated at 370 miles per second. 2. Some say that Jupiter disturbs the path of a long period comet and causes it to change its orbit into a short term comet. The problem again is that the orbits of comets don't come close enough to Jupiter for it to be their sources. Also, even long- term comets do not have a life expectancy long enough to still be around if the solar system is as old as evolutionists claim. 3. The most popular explanation is Oort's cloud. first suggest by Jan Oort in 1950. This is a spherical shell of 100 trillion comets orbiting the sun about 1/5 the distance to the nearest star. Oort guessed that gravity from a planet or passing star might disturb a comet on occasion and send them into the interior of the solar system. There is no evidence available of the cloud or the stars or planets needed to disturb it. Evolutionists have a problem on how the cloud could have evolved to begin with if it did exist. I asked an Astronomy professor at WKU if he believed in Oort's cloud. He said yes. I asked him why he believed in it. He said it just has to be there or we wouldn't still have comets today. The maximum age of short term comets is 10,000 years and the maximum ages of long-term comet is 50 million years. The presence of many comets still in existence indicates an early age for our solar system. Our Solar System There is too much variety in the solar system to be explained by cosmic gas simply coming together by gravity and forming big lumps called the sun, planets, and moons. Mercury rotates the sun every 88 days. Used to think that same side always faced the sun but in 1965 it was discovered that it rotates every 58 1/2 days. No other planet has this motion. Venus is covered in clouds. Takes 225 earth days to go around the sun, but it takes 243 earth days for one day on Venus. It spins in retrograde motion, i.e., the sun rises in the west and sets in the east. Earth is covered in water. No other planet has much liquid water, but 3/4 of earth is covered. It is the only planet with an atmosphere primarily of Nitrogen and Oxygen Mars has 24 1/2 hour rotation. It has a moon "Phobos" that spins in retrograde motion and another moon spinning the right way. Phobos rotates 3 1/2 times a day and Deimos rotates once every 30 hours. Jupiter is larger than all other planets put together and spins the fastest; 10 hours 24 minutes rotation. It is not as dense as earth, mostly Hydrogen and Helium. If gravity pulled everything together in solid planet like Mars, Earth, Mercury, why not they largest where gravity is the strongest? Jupiter has 11 moons rotating the same direction as the planet and 4 rotating the opposite way. Saturn One day equals 10 hours 47 minutes. Also mostly light gasses, and it is the least dense of the planets (earth is the most dense). Atmosphere has violent storms. August 1981, Voyager 2 detected clouds moving 1,097 mph. It has at least 17 moons. 16 go one way, and the one furthest out goes the opposite way. Uranus axis is 98 degrees tilt. Rotates opposite from the earth, (same as Venus) and it has 5 moons that also rotate in retrograde motion. it is the only planet that all moons rotate retrograde. Neptune spins in the normal direction, but its first moon spins in the opposite direction of the planet (Like Mars). The outside moon, Nereid, spins in an eccentric orbit the same as Neptune. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a wheat farmer with only a High School education who was hired to help out at an observatory. In 1976 it was discovered that it has a moon in retrograde orbit named Charon. Pluto's orbit is inclined 17 degrees from the other plants and is eccentric so that from January 1979 to March 14, 1999, Neptune is now the furthest planet. How can all this variety exist if it all condensed from the same matter following the same laws of physics? Our God told us that He created all in 6 days and then rested. He is a God of intelligence and wisdom and has demonstrated His intelligence and power through the variety of His creation here on earth and in space. There is not other God like this. Jesus said that He would be seen sitting on the right hand of POWER. Matthew 26:63-64 But Jesus kept silent. And the high priest answered and said to Him, "I put You under oath by the living God: Tell us if You are the Christ, the Son of God!" 64 Jesus said to him, "It is as you said. Nevertheless, I say to you, hereafter you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." When we see the power of God as demonstrated by His creation, all can say: "How Great Thou Art". Romans 1:18-20 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, 19 because what may be known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them. 20 For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse, Psalm 8:3-4 When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, The moon and the stars, which You have ordained, 4 What is man that You are mindful of him, and the son of man that You visit him? Yet, He is mindful of us. Did not abandon us when we abandoned Him, but became one of us to pay the penalty we deserve so we might go free. Psalm 8:9 LORD, our Lord, How excellent is Your name in all the earth! Wayne Wells wayneliz@twave.net http://users.twave.net/ncc Evidences for Early Creation - Part 2 1 Peter 1:13 Therefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and rest your hope fully upon the grace that is to be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. In discussion at Va. Beach: "What, you mean you don't believe in Evolution?" Our society is changing from being like Jerusalem where God's Word was respected to being more like Athens, the center of paganistic philosophy. Psalm 19:1-2 The heavens declare the glory of God; And the firmament shows His handiwork. 2 Day unto day utters speech, And night unto night reveals knowledge. Hydrogen on Mercury The atmosphere of Mercury contains large amounts of hydrogen. The problem with this is that since hydrogen is the lightest gas, it is the hardest to hold down. Since Mercury is so small, its gravity is not strong enough to keep the hydrogen from escaping in space. Because of the lack of strength of its gravitational force, Mercury should lose all hydro gen over a period of 100,000 years. Evolutionists say that Mercury is receiving hydrogen from the sun as the gas escapes from huge explosions in the sun. Problems: a. There is not enough evidence to show that the winds from the sun can supply as much hydrogen as needed for this. b. Also, how could Mercury capture more hydrogen from space when its grav ity is not strong enough to keep what it has already? The fact that there is still high concentrations of hydrogen in Mercury's atmosphere indicate an early age much younger than 100,000 years. Moon Dust This is one of the most famous arguments for an early age and one that evolutionists are currently trying to discredit. There is dust in space that falls to earth and on the moon. It is not burned up in the atmosphere because it is so small that it gradually drifts down. Estimates vary widely to how much is falling, from 10,000 to 700,000 tons a day. If Hans Peterson's estimate of 14,300 tons is used, then after 5 billion years, 54 feet would have fallen. If the 700,000 tons a day estimate is used, then a 965 foot layer has fallen. One reason for the variation is the methods of measurements used. Early measurement were made using collector trays one earth that could only measure particles containing iron. The problem with this is that it is estimated that 90% of the dust and meteors are of a stony composition without iron. More recent measurements by NASA using satel lites indicates there are higher volumes of dust settling on earth than previously thought. How long has it been falling? Nickel is a primary component of the dust. As it settles, because of erosion, much of it ends up in the oceans. The nickel content of the oceans and rivers flowing into the oceans has been measured. From the calculations done, if there was no nickel content in the oceans at all in the beginning, at the flow rate of 14,300 tons of dust a day, (a low estimate), all the nickel could be accounted for in 8,900 years. To find the nickel content of land, it has been calculated that one would have to dig 3 miles to find enough nickel to account for this amount of dust settling. If this dust has been falling at the current rate for 5 billion years, then it would account for all the iron in the top 1« miles of the earth's surface. In the space program, as scientists were preparing to put man on the moon, the dust problem was one of their great concerns. It was assumed that since there are no erosional forces on the moon, there would be a 50-180 foot layer of loosely packed dust since the moon was believed to be 4.5 billion years old. 1. It is estimated that there was an extra one billion dollars spent in the space pro gram to prepare for this problem. 2. In an interview, Bob Hope asked Neil Armstrong what was his greatest fear when he stepped on the moon for the first time. Neil's answer was the moon-dust layer they were told to expect. 3. Huge duck-feet landing pods were attached to the legs of the Lunar Lander so that it would safely settle down without sinking into this dust layer. 4. On T.V., when Neil Armstrong tried to plant the American flag on the moon, he couldn't push it into the hard surface, he had to hammer it in. There was barely enough dust on the moon to make footprints. Instead of a few billion years worth of dust, they found only a few thousand years worth. If the Solar system is as old as evolutionists claim, then it must have been more dusty in the past. yet, there is very little evidence of accumulation. The Poynting-Robertson Effect This was first predicted in 1903 by Poynting, an English physicist, and confirmed by Robertson, an American physicist in 1937. It is the effect that light energy coming from the sun has on dust particles in the solar system. As everything orbits the sun, they strike photons of light traveling radially from the sun. It is not enough to affect the planets and moons, but it does gradually slow down the small particles of dust. It is similar to a truck driving through a rainstorm. The rain is coming straight down, but only the front windshield is hit because of the motion of the truck. The affect on the momentum of the truck would be so slight it would be difficult to detect. However, if a fruit fly traveling through the same rain could be slowed down considerably. As the dust is slowed down, it gradually spirals down to the sun and as a result, the solar system is cleaned up. The smaller the particle is the quicker it will fall. The smallest particles of dust should be cleaned up in 10,000 years or less, yet the solar system is still very dusty. This indicates an age of less than 10,000 years. This same effect should be working with other stars as well. Many other stars have been observed surrounded by clouds of dust. Some of them are radiating energy 100,000 times as much as our sun thus speeding up the cleaning action considerably. How can they be so old when they are still surrounded by so much dust? Io In 1979, pictures of Jupiter and its moons were sent back by the Voyager satellites. The newspaper articles only said that the information sent back would cause the astronomers to have to rethink their old theories. One reason is, as Voyager took pictures of Io, one of Jupiter's moons, volcanic eruptions were seen. It has always been assumed that the moons were as old as the planets - 4.5 billion years old. According to the evolutionary theories, small bodies such as Io lose their interior heat and dynamism that produces volcanic activity quickly and should be cold and inactive by now. The volcanoes show that it is still hot and geologically active inside. Life Magazine, May 1979, "Eyes on Jupiter" The big surprise of the Voyager mission was Io, one of Jupiter's inner moons. Instead of being cold, dead and otherwise moonlike, Io proved to be literally bubbling with volcanoes. Voyager's camera witnessed one eruption on the moon's rim... that spewed fire and brimstone more than 100 miles into space. Earth was hitherto considered to only geologically active body in the Solar system, but Io was found to be even more violent. Evolutionists have tried to explain why Io is still hot. So far, the most popular explanation is that Jupiter's gravity is causing it to stay hot. (Collier's Encyclopedia states it as a fact) Many expert critics claim this really does not explain the problem. Earth's Moon The soil samples taken from the moon during the Apollo missions revealed a high radioactive content. The lunar soil showed not only high levels of radioactive materials, but also types of radiation that should not be in existence if the moon was very old. Scientists that met to discuss this and other problems at the Fourth Lunar Science Conference. R. L. Wysong, The Creation - Evolution Controversy, pgs. 177-178 Short-lived U-236 and Th-230 isotopes found in lunar materials are taken as testimony for youth. If the moon were of great ages, the short-lived isotopes would have long since decayed and thus be presently absent. Yet they were not absent, they are in relative abundance. Thus, according to this method, the age of the moon should be spoken of in terms of thousands of years, not millions or billions. Dust Rings Paul Ackerman, It's a Young World After All, pg. 45 "For evolutionist scientists the main outcome of our space exploration has been surprise. Phrases such as "apparent paradox" and "seems to violate known laws of physics" have abounded. Yet there is nothing in the findings that does not square fully with basic laws of physics, as long as one is willing to give up the idea of vast ages. The data are abundantly clear: the creation is not old; it is young." Ackerman then gives an example of a discovery made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, an orbiting telescope made by U.S., Britain and the Netherlands. It is supposed to be so sensitive it could pick up a single speck of dust two miles away. It could see a baseball in orbit over the east coast from California. It discovered rings of dust in the solar system in 1983. He quotes a report form a Los Angeles Times\Washington Post story on this discovery. What the telescope picked up that had never been seen before were three gigantic dust rings 100 million miles wide circling the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 200 million to 300 million miles from the sun. The dust bands, which had never before been seen because they are composed of particles too fine to see and too cool to shine, appear to defy the laws of physics by encircling the asteroid belt in he three extremely stable and symmetrical rings, "Particles this small can only survive in stable orbits for a few ten-thousands of years before they are pulled apart by the sun," said Frank Low of the university of Arizona, "There must be something that replenishes the rings because three stable bands that large cannot exist any other way." The article then went on about the various speculations being offered on how these rings of dust must be replenished. The reasons these and other speculations are offered, is because the earth "must be" 4.5 billion years old, so we have to find ways to explain any evidence that indicates otherwise. The rings around Saturn also provide similar problems for those who believe in the long ages. They too should be destroyed by the gravitational pull of the planet but instead are still very complex. Craters on the Moon The moon has been battered by many meteorites in the past. Evolutionists believe that these impact formed early in the moon's history when the solar system was young and there was no life on the earth. These craters are not seen on the earth because of erosion that is not present on the moon. It is assumed that they occurred before life began because such a bombardment of meteorites would kill everything. Scientists have discovered that solids flow like liquids, only much slower. A sculpture made of rock last much longer than one made out of molasses, but the stone flows down too. It just takes much longer. After 100 years, the thickness of the bottom of a window pane will be measurably thicker than on the top. Even the flow rate of granite, one of the slowest flowing materials has been measured. Harold Slusher, a geophysicist and astronomer of the University of Texas along with others have worked on this problem by working with the flow rates of moon rocks that make up the craters. If the moon was covered in water, the craters would last only a few seconds. If it was honey, it would last a little longer, but how long depends on the flow rate of the material in the crater area. The rocks brought back from the moon were found to be nearly identical to be basalt. Using the flow rate of this rock, it was found that it would be impossible for the craters to be more than a few thousand years old. The flow rate was found to be around 100 million times too low for the craters to have lasted 3 to 4 billion years. (the higher the value, the slower the flow rate) Even if the moon was covered in granite, the flow rates would be 10 million times too fast for the craters to last as long as the evolutionists say they have. Population Growth Evolutionists say that man appeared 2.5 million years ago. The population growth can be calculated using many different figures. If 2.4 children per family with 43 year lifetime and 43 years per generation is used, a population of three billion would result in 100 generations (4300 years). The accuracy of these figures can be verified when they are compared to the Jewish race. The Jews began about 3700 years ago with the 12 sons of Jacob. Now they are around 14 million. Using the above figures, a population of 13,900,000 would result in 3700 years. Only a 100,000 difference in spite of all the wars, persecutions and exterminations the Jews are known to have suffered. If man appeared one million years ago, less than one half of the evolutionary time, using the same figures, there would be a population of 10 with 2700 zeros people today. This indicates an early age for the human race. Helium-4 Content of the Atmosphere Helium-4 is the most abundant isotope of helium found. It is coming from at least three sources. 1. Radioactive decay of Uranium and Thorium in the earth's crust and oceans. 2. From cosmic helium, mainly form the corona of the sun. 3. Cosmic ray-caused nuclear reactions in the earth's crust. If only the He-4 from the decay of uranium and thorium is considered, and assuming there was no He-4 in the atmosphere in the beginning, all the present He-4 can be accounted for in a maximum of 400,000. If the He-4 from the reactions of the earth's crust to cosmic rays is included, the maximum age of the atmosphere would only be 12,000 years (assuming there was no He- 4 in the atmosphere to begin with) If the atmosphere is as old as evolutionists claim it is, then there should be 30 times more He-4 than what is found. Salt Content in Oceans Salt is being added to the oceans daily by rivers. Assuming the rates have been constant and that there was no salt in the ocean to begin with, all the salt could be accounted for in 50 million years. all the Uranium salts could be accounted for in one million years. Polystrate Fossils Polystrate comes from poly = many and strate = strata. They are fossils that go through many strata. Evolutionists say the different layers of sedimentary rock represents vast ages. yet, many trees, branches, and bamboo like plants are found going through several layers. Some trees have been found that go through over 20 feet of rock vertically. They are found in rocks upside down, sideways, and rightside up. They indicate a rapid burial instead of gradual laying down of deposits as evolutionists claim. Radiohalos One of the world's leading experts in this field is Robert Gentry, former head researcher in chemistry at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He has done extensive research on microscopic bits of radioactive material that are frequently found in different rock formations. His studies include work done in coal deposits in the Colorado Plateau, a formation believed by evolutionists to be hundreds of millions of years old. When the tree trunks were originally buried, they were saturated with water carrying tiny bits of uranium. After the coal was formed, the uranium would decay and send radiation in all directions and form a halo by changing the color of the surrounding coal. These radiohalos are Gentry's specialty. In studying the decay rates, he has discovered that the uranium has been in the material only a few thousand years. The only time when it can enter is when the material is soft before it has undergone the hardening process that turns the plants into coal. This indicates a relative short time has passed from the time the plants were still soft until the present. Scientist have proven that in the right conditions coal can form in 20 minutes and oil takes about 2 hours. Gentry's work is strong evidence that the deposits have formed quickly instead of long periods. Gentry's data also indicates that the amount to time involved in the formation of these coal deposits was less than 25 to 50 years and probably much less. The basis for this estimate is the presence of dual halos around a single piece of uranium in which one halo is flattened and the other is perfectly round. The flattened halos are of a type that would form in six months to a year. The round halos are of a type that would form in 25-60 years. The coal had to be hardened and in its present shape well within the 25 - 50 year span in order for the spherical halo to retain its form. Gentry has also done work with polonium halos in the earth's "Precambrian" granite, or basement rocks. This has produced serious problems for the evolutionists. Evolutionists teach that the earth was originally molten and gradually cooled off enough to harden over long periods of time. The problem is, how did the polonium bits and their halos get in the granite? There have been no uranium sources found, so the only way for the polonium (a daughter element or byproduct of uranium decay) would be to get in through small cracks in the rock or flow in while it was still molten. It would have to be quick movement because of the short half-life of polonium. Gentry has proven that there were no cracks to allow the polonium in so the only way is for it to flow in while it is still molten. The problem with this is that if the granite were molten, no halos could be formed. They can only form in solid material. The problem is this, if the granite is hardened, the polonium cannot get inside. But if the granite is not hardened, no halos could form. Therefore, Gentry argues that the time lapse from a molten state to the present rock state was extremely brief. How Brief? One of the polonium isotopes studied by Gentry has a half-life of three minutes, another has a half-life of 164 microseconds. (=164 millionths of a second!) If Gentry's conclusions are correct, it is very strong evidence of a very rapid creation. Controversial subjects still being worked on 1. Speed of light 2. Decay rate of the sun John 14:9-11 Jesus said to him, "Have I been with you so long, and yet you have not known Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has seen the Father; so how can you say, 'Show us the Father'? 10 Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the Father in Me? The words that I speak to you I do not speak on My own authority; but the Father who dwells in Me does the works. 11 Believe Me that I am in the Father and the Father in Me, or else believe Me for the sake of the works themselves. In John 14:9-11, Jesus told Philip to believe His words that the Father was in Him. In verse 11, he said to believe on account of the works themselves. Jesus told them that the Father was in Him but He also provided evidence. God has told us that Creation was recent, within 6,000 to 10,000 years. He also has provided evidence. Be not faithless, but believing. Love with heart, soul and mind. 1 Peter 1:13 Therefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and rest your hope fully upon the grace that is to be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. Christianity is for those who are willing to think. It is not for the intellectually lazy or those lazy in any other way. Wayne Wells wayneliz@twave.net http://users.twave.net/ncc